Leo XIII

French citizen of Italian ethnicity, later becoming a subject of the Papal States and finally an Italian citizen. Issued the encyclical Rerum novarum (1891), supporting Christian democracy against Communism. Fourth-longest reigning pope after Peter, Pius IX, and John Paul II. Promoted the rosary and scapular.

Approved two new Marian scapulars; first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix. First pope to be filmed using a motion picture camera (1898) and first pope with voice recorded. Oldest verified pope in office.